Monday, November 21, 2011

Wyoming EBITDA and Pharmacy Acquisitions

By Brad MacLiver
Authorship and profile at Google


EBITDA is an acronym that stands for Earnings Before:

* Interest
* Taxes
* Depreciation
* Amortization
                 
This is often used to measure some businesses' value and used for the comparison of similar companies as well.

Generally, EBITDA makes it easier to evaluate various companies and to compare them against industry averages by removing the non-core and irregular operating costs, such as interest, which can vary depending on the management’s choice of financing, taxes which can fluctuate depending on acquisitions or losses from prior years, and arbitrary factors of depreciation and amortization.

The EBITDA formula can be used as a guideline when valuing larger companies, or when comparing the profitability of large similar companies in the same industry.

For the most effective use of EBITDA, larger companies should possess significant assets, have heavy schedules for amortization, or bear a significant amount of debt. Considering independent Wyoming pharmacies don’t meet that criteria, so this formula is not a useful measure as the sole means for valuing pharmacies in WY for acquisition purposes.

To Calculate EBITDA:

First calculate net income by obtaining total income and subtract total expenses. Then, determine the total amount of taxes paid to local, state, and federal governments. Compute interest fees paid to companies or individuals for the use of credit, or capital.  Establish the cost of depreciation, which is the expense recorded to allocate a tangible asset's cost over its useful life.  Next, determine the cost of amortization. This is expense for consumption of the value of intangible assets, such as goodwill, patents, and copyrights, over a specific period of time, or the asset's expected life.  Finally, add all of these numbers to calculate EBITDA.

EBITDA calculation example: 1. Net Income                 1,333
2. + Tax Expenses               362
3. + Interest Fees Paid         281
4. + Amount of Depreciation     163
5. + Amount of Amortization      71
6. = EBITDA                   2,210

7 Drawbacks of EBITDA: 1. Can be misleading number when it is confused with cash flow.
2. Can make even completely unprofitable firms appear to be financially healthy.
3. Numbers are easy to manipulate.
4. Can overlook cash requirements for growth in accounts receivable.
5. Can miss cash requirements for growth in inventories.
6. Not factual when valuing small companies.
7. Not effective for companies with few assets, small amounts of debt, or low depreciation or amortization schedules.

EBITDA, in the past, was being used as a way to determine the "cash flow" in leveraged buyouts to calculate whether companies could service their debt. Factoring out interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization can allow an unprofitable business to appear financially healthy. This method of valuation was used extensively during the dotcom era to value unprofitable businesses, with few assets, little earnings, and the results from that method caused many to go bust. This was a blaring example of misapplying EBITDA.

Knowledgeable pharmacy specialists performing Wyoming pharmacy business valuations will use EBITDA in pharmacy valuations, but only as part of a larger formula when computing values for specialty WY pharmacies especially those who have a niche in HIV, disease management, long term care, etc. However, EBITDA should not be used as part of the usual formula for standard retail pharmacy acquisitions in Wyoming.

The EBITDA number for a specific existing pharmacy in Wyoming is important, for the most part, when the existing ownership is establishing their store value for the purpose of a line of credit, borrowing, creating a Trust, stock values, etc., but EBITDA does not have the same importance when selling a pharmacy. This is due to the fact the buyer will not have the same expenses as the seller.

Buyers may not have the same tax base, interest expense, or the same depreciation schedule, thus it is important that the buyer calculate an estimated EBITDA that is specific to their operating model, business systems, buying power, cost of operations, etc., not the sellers. It should also be noted that EBITDA assumes that the buyer will acquire all of the assets, working capital, accounts receivable, and liabilities. Those assumptions do not hold true regarding an acquisition of a Wyoming pharmacy. Instead of the EBITDA number, pharmacy buyers should be focusing on sales, gross profit, cash flow, and customer mix.

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